Juniper Publishers - Landslide Hazard Analysis by Using Arc GIS and Google Earth: A Case Study of Province 5, Nepal

 

Juniper Publishers- Trends in Technical & Scientific Research

Abstract

Province 5 of Nepal is one of the vulnerable province to natural and human induced disasters like landslides. This research was objectively carried out to estimate the number and area of the landslide and find out the district, municipality and rural municipality wise spatial distribution of landslides in the study area. The visible scars of landslides were located and outlined in Google Earth™ and further analyzed in ArcGIS 10.3. Altogether, 701 landslides were found in 12 districts with total area coverage of 1940.17 ha. The largest area cover of landslide was found in Dang district with 326.99 ha and the lowest area cover of landslide of 8.63 ha was calculated in Rupandehi district. The highest occurrence 44 landslides occurred in Naubahini Rural Municipality of Pyuthan district followed by Sandhikharka municipality of Arghakhanchi district and Ghorahi sub-metropolitan city of Dang district with 43 and 42 landslides respectively. In Bardiya district, Bardia National park had 57 landslides instances on area of 260.62 ha. The highest area covered by landslides was 191.36 ha in Bijayanagar Rural Municipality of Kapilbastu district, 119.14 ha in Lamahi Municipality of Dang district, 106.66 ha in Sunwal Municipality of Nawalparasi district and 102.9 ha in Putha Uttarganga Rural Municipality of Rukum East district. Overall, this research depicts landslide area of whole province 5 and will be helpful to assist in further decision making. This type of the study can be very useful without much fieldwork and saves huge amount of time and money.

Keywords: Spatial distribution Google Earth™ Arc GIS Landslides

Introduction

Province 5 is one of the seven provinces established by the new constitution of Nepal. This province does not have an official database for landslides. Landslides, defined as the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope [1], can be triggered by various external stimuli. Landslides are geologic hazards that occur on spatial and temporal scales in mountainous landscapes and are frequently responsible for considerable loss of life and property [2]. As one of the major natural hazards, landslides claim people’s lives almost every year and cause huge property damage in mountainous areas [3,4]. The characteristics of various types of landslides are important to develop appropriate mitigation measures in the mountainous terrain of Nepal because the problems of landslides are different in different physiographic, geologic and climatic zones [5]. The inherently weak geological characteristics of rocks and soils have made the Himalaya fundamentally a very fragile mountain [5] and the triggering factors such as rainfall and earthquakes play their role to make the mountain very vulnerable to landslides and other mass wasting processes. The Midland areas have been highly susceptible to landslide due to complex interaction of natural and man-made factors [6]. Precambrian to Cambrian Lesser Himalayan met sedimentary zone of western Nepal is one of the vulnerable zones among morpho-tectonic units of Nepal due to its rugged mountain topography,complex and fragile nature of the geological formations, active groundwater activities, soft soil cover, high intensity rainfall in the monsoon season, steep slope and surcharge loads of vegetation [5]. Loss of income, livelihood opportunities and property, starvation including displacement of affected families were the major implications of these disasters [7].

A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer system that is used to construct, record, analyze, manipulate, and display geographic information. Google Earth™ helps to visualize live data. Traditional remote sensing data is difficult to interpret and needs rigorous amount of processing of the data, Google Earth™ has made this process simple [8]. Although Google Earth™ does not have any analytic functions but compatible with GIS hence can be used for interpretation of spatial data. Google Earth™ is used in diverse fields such as geology, environmental science, and public health, archeology to social and political issues like crisis management [9-12]. And most often by the researchers Google Earth™ is considered as the democratization of the GIS since it is user friendly and free data source [8,13]. Google Earth is not an analytical tool hence it will not replace GIS however it complements the GIS use, realizing this many GIS software developers are creating a slew of products that combine its ease of use with their traditional analytic strengths [8]. If budget is a constraint in purchasinghigh resolution satellite imagery, then one could consider utilizing free Google earth images [14]. The landslide hazard mapping helps to reduce the risk by taking appropriate actions. In the meantime, monitoring landslide events in a vast area with sparse population can be very expensive, labor extensive and strenuous task. Hence remote sensing tools can be very helpfulin determining possible hazardous zone and this will help in prioritizing the hazard prone areas. Thus, this research was objectively carried out to estimate the number and area of the landslides and to find out the district, municipality and rural municipality wise spatial distribution of landslides in Province 5, Nepal.

Materials and Methods

Study Area

Province 5 is one of the seven provinces established by the new constitution of Nepal which was adopted on 20 September 2015. Butwal city has been declared the interim state capital of Province 5. In total, it covers an area of 22,288 km2 It borders Gandaki province and Karnali province to the north, Sudurpashchim province to the west, and Uttar Pradesh of India tothe south. There are 12 districts, 4 sub-metropolitan cities, 32 municipalities, 73 rural municipalities and two national parks in the province. However, only those municipalities and rural municipalities were shown in the result section where landslide has been occurred (Figure 1).

Methods

This study is based on Remote Sensing data from Google Earth™ and its interpretation in ArcGIS 10.3 software.

1. Based on the availability of Google earth imagery, landslides were mapped in the month of July and August of the year 2018 AD.

2. The Google Earth™ polygons were then converted to kmz file and they were processed and studied further in ArcGIS 10.3.

3. The area, distribution and number of the landslide events were studied (Figure 2).

Results

The map represents the landslides in Province 5 of Nepal. The red spots in the map show the landslide events. Most of the landslides were observed in clusters and near the river or stream bank. Altogether, 701 landslides occurred in 12 districts with total area coverage of 1940.17ha. The largest area cover of landslide was found in Dang district 326.99ha and the lowest area cover of landslide was in Rupandehi 8.63ha. The district summary of landslides with number and area coverage is given in the figure below (Figures 3 & 4) In Rolpa district 141 landslides occurred in area of 143.7ha, 119 landslides occurred in Dang district in area of 326.99ha and 92 landslides occurred in area of 142.67ha in Argakhachi district. In Pyuthan district 90 landslides occurred in area of 279.89ha, 72 landslides occurred in Palpa district in area of 109.61ha, 57 landslides occurred in Bardiya National Park in area of 260.62 ha and 43 landslides occurred in Gulmi district in area of 20.99 ha. In Nawalparasi district 25 landslides occurred in area of 190.25ha, 22 landslides occurred in Rukum-East district in area of 111.68ha, 19 landslides occurred in Banke district in area of 73.81 ha, 11 landslides occurred in Kapilbastu district in area of 271.33ha and 10 landslides occurred in Rupandehi district in area of 8.63 ha. Similarly, the table below shows the number and area of landslide in local level under 12 districts (Table 1). In Arghakhachi district, the highest number of landslides was 43 in Sandhikharka Municipality and highest area of landslide was92.43ha in Sitganga Municipality. In Banke district, highest of 8 landslides with total area cover of 60.05 ha occurred in Rapti Sonari Rural Municipality. In Bardiya National Park 57 landslides occurred in 260.62 hectares. In Dang district the highest number of landslides was 42 in Ghorahi sub-metropolitan city and highest area of landslide was 119.14ha in Lamahi Municipality. In Gulmi district, highest number of landslides was 19 of Isma Rural Municipality and the highest area covered by landslide was from Satyawati Rural Municipality i.e. 7.33ha. In Kapilbastu district, highest number of 6 landslide occurred in Buddabhumi Municipality and highest area covered by landslides was 191.36 ha in Bijaynagar Rural Municipality.

In Nawalparasi west district, highest 19 landslides with total area cover of 106.66 ha occurred in Sunwal Municipality. In Palpa district, highest landslide occcurence was 43 in Tinau Rural Municipality with total area cover of 55.15ha. In Pyuthan district, highest number of 43 landslides occurred in Naubahini Rural Municipality with total area cover of 98.24ha. In Rolpa district, highest number of landslides was 26 in Tribeni Rural Municipality and the highest area cover of landslide was 40.87ha in Runtigadi Rural Municipality. In Rukum East district, highest number of 15 landslides occurred in Putha Uttarganga Rural Municipality with total area cover of 102.9ha. In Rupandehi district, highest number of 2 landslides occurred in Devdaha Municipality with an area cover of 4.35ha.

Discussion

According to Nepal DesInventar report 2011, the most common type of disaster in the country is epidemic, followed by landslide and flooding. Since 1971-2010 AD, 2705 landslides are recorded with 4327 deaths and 1146 injuries [15]. According to Bhattarai et al. [16], a total of about 12,000 small- and large-scale landslides occur in Nepal every year, most of which often remain unnoticed and unreported mainly because of an inadequate information system, little economic impact, or little harm to humans and national infrastructure. The available data indicate that the annual rate of human deaths in landslides and related disaster events still stands at over 300 [17]. In Nepal, the number of landslide events peaks in the monsoon season, when they are triggered by high rainfall. Earlier Dixit [18] has prepared a landslide hazard map for Nepal which shows the mid hills were more susceptible to landslide. Between 1970 and 2018 in span of 48 years epidemics killed total 4,161 people in province number five; landslide alone killed 618 people, affected 66,512 families, 46 people went missing and 261 people were injured [19]. It is noteworthy that many small-scale disasters often go unreported. Among Mid-Hill and High Hill districts, Gulmi reported the greatest number of human causalities (142) followed by Pyuthan (132), Palpa (102) and Arghakhanchi (75) [19]. In terms of greatest number of families affected by landslides, Gulmi district has the highest number of deaths which is 19,713, followed by Arghakhanchi (10,564), Rukum (4,123), Palpa (3,948), and Rolpa (3,046) [19].

In our results, the number of landslides is high in districts Dang, Rolpa, Arghakhachi, Palpa and Pyuthan and according the area cover of landslide in all the ten districts excluding Banke and Rupandehi around 1 to 300 hectares is found under the effect of landslide. This result somehow matches with National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) to climate change report 2010, prepared by Ministry of Environment. According to the report, Ropla and east Rukum categorised as high landslide risk districts with index (0.630-0.786); Dang, Gulmi, Pyuthan and Arghakhachi are categorised as medium landslide risk districts with index (0.47- 0.629); Palpa is categorised as district with minimum landslide with index (0.001- 0.46); whereas Parasi, Banke, Kapilbastu, Rupandehi and Bardia are the districts with very minimum landslide risk [20].

Conclusion

Since we lag in research regarding landslide, landslide mapping through Google earth and GIS would prove to be cost and time efficient. This data depicts landslide area of whole province 5 and assists in further decision making. Altogether, 701 landslides occurred in 12 districts with total area coverage of 1940.17 ha. Google Earth and GIS gives very important information on the spatial distribution of the landslide. It assists to set up priority areas for mitigation measures, helps in better understanding of the landslide as a hazard. Hence thistype of the study can be very useful in disaster prone areas for decision making and planning without much of a fieldwork saving huge amount of time and money.

Limitations

Though visuals were carefully observed, this study lacks ground validation which means that sometimes the information collected just by the visual analysis of the terrain and landslide scars may not be justified

Acknowledgement

We would like to acknowledge Mr. Raj Kumar Rimal for his tremendous support during this research. We are also thankful to Dr. Ramasheshwor Mandal who paid a huge contribution in conducting this research and in report preparation.

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