Dopplerographic Assessment of Blood Flow Parameters of Vertebral Arteries in Patients with Cervicogenic Headache Due to Arthrosis and Instability of Atlanto-Axial Junction - Juniper Publishers


Journal of Trends in Technical and Scientific Research


Abstract

Introduction: Cervicogenic Headache (CH) is a syndrome characterized by chronic hemicranial pain that is referred to the head from either bony structures or soft tissues of the neck. Factors such as:
i. Stable uncomfortable positioning of the head;
ii. Increased mobility of the upper cervical vertebrae with rotational movements;
iii. A combination of external pressure over the occipital region and mobility of the cervical vertebrae on the symptomatic side causes or strengthens the existing headache. The leading role in the formation of the central nervous system is played by the irritation of the vegetative plexus of the vertebral arteries.
Objective: Dopplerographic evaluation of blood flow parameters in vertebral arteries in patients with cervicogenic headache due to arthrosis and instability of the atlanto-axial junction.
Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of the results of Doppler ultrasound in the 2nd and 3"1 segments of the Vertebral Artery (VA) was performed in 58 patients aged 21-38 years, who had X-ray and MRI diagnosed arthrosis and instability of the atlanto-axial junction; among the examined were 21 men and 37 women. The maximum Systolic Velocity (Vs), the end Diastolic Velocity (Vd), the Resistance Index (RI) in second and third segments of VA in the neutral spine and flexion position of the neck. The control group consisted of 27 people aged 19-36 years without chronic headache, absence of arthrosis of the atlanto-axial junction according to the results of X-ray or MRI. Dopplerography was conducted on a Philips HD 11XE device using a linear and microconvection transducers in the frequency range 5-10MHz and 4-9 MHz; MRI - General Electric, Signa HDI, 1.5T.
Results: In the control group in the second segment of the VA, Vs was 50.3±5.1cm/s, RI - 0.61±0.03; at the level of 3rd segment-48.9±5.1cm/s, RI - 0.58±0.03; at the rotation of the head - Vs 43.6±4.5cm/s, RI - 0.62±0.03, respectively. In a patients with Atlanto-axial arthrosis in the second segment of the VA, Vs was 48.9±5.3cm/s, RI-0.56±0.03; at the level of 3rd segment - 45.3±4.9cm/s, RI-0.54±0.03; at the rotation of the head- 37.2±4.1cm/c, RI-0.71±0.04 (P<0.05) respectively. In patients with atlanto-axial instability at the level of C5-C6, Vs amounted to 49.2±5.1cm/s, RI-0.59±0.03; at the level of 3-d segment of VA-Vs was 46.1±4.8cm/s, RI - 0.58±0.03. When the head was turned to the side in patients with instability of the atlanto-axial junction, Vs was significantly lower compared to the control group (34.1±4.2cm/s and 43.6±4.5cm/s; RI more then in the second segment of the VA (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Instability of atlanto-axial junction, especially in combination with arthrosis, is one of the common causes of cervicogenic headache in young people. The main pathogenetic mechanism of the onset of pain is changes in blood flow in the third segment of the vertebral arteries, especially during rotational movements.
Keywords: Atlanto-axial junction, Dopplerography, Cervicogenic Headache, Atlanto-axial arthrosis & instability; Vertebral artery; Sedentary; Pathogenetic; Migraine features; Phonophobia
Abbreviations: CH: Cervicogenic Headache; VA: Vertebral Artery; VD: Diastolic Velocity; RI: Resistance Index; CVMS: Cervical Vertebral Motor Segments; CHISG: Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group; NFR: Nociceptive Flexor Reflexes; VA: Vertebral Artery; RI: Resistance Index; RVAO: Rotational Vertebral Artery Occlusion

Introduction

Cervicogenic Headache (CH) - one ofthe most common, is due to biomechanical dysfunction of the Cervical Vertebral Motor Segments (CVMS). It accounts for 15-20% of all headaches. More common in women (ratio 4: 1); occurs at any age, there is no hereditary predisposition, the course is predominantly chronic. The CH, as a rule, suffer from representatives of “sedentary” occupations, as well as those who in the process of work often have to tilt their head or work with the dropped. Factors such as:
i. Stable uncomfortable positioning of the head;
ii. Increased mobility of the upper cervical vertebrae with rotational movements;
iii. A combination of external pressure over the occipital region and mobility of the cervical vertebrae on the symptomatic side causes or strengthens the existing headache. The leading role in the formation of the central nervous system is played by the irritation of the vegetative plexus of the vertebral arteries [1].
The current version of the diagnostic criteria of the CH is presented in the International Classification of Headache- Related Disorders (1CHRD-3 beta) in paragraph 11.2.1 (Table 1). According to 1CHRD-3, CH is a headache caused by a lesion of the neck (bone structures, disc and/or soft tissues) and is usually accompanied by pain in the neck. The unilateral character of the headache without a change of sides, the provocation of a typical pattern of pain by the external pressure on the neck muscles or movement in the cervical spine, the spread of the pain from the occipital area to the front temporal allows differentiating CH from migraine and tension headache. Nevertheless, the CH may have some “migraine features”, such as nausea, vomiting, photo and phonophobia, but their intensity and severity is significantly less than with migraine [2].
The leading pathogenetic mechanism of CH development is a change in the mobility of the three upper cervical segments. The leading role in the formation of the central nervous system is played by the irritation of the vegetative plexus of the vertebral arteries. There is a significant lack of agreement in the definition of the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache [3]. The CH diagnostic criteria rely, at least in part, on a patient's response to diagnostic facet injection blocks. Controlled diagnostic blocks into the cervical facet joints are invasive, expensive and not readily available, and so they cannot be considered as useful in most practitioners' offices. Merging the International Headache Society 1HS and the Cervicogenic Headache International Study Group (CH1SG) criteria helped improve the diagnosis of cervicogenic headaches [3].
There is considerable overlap in the clinical presentations of cervicogenic, migraine and tension-type headaches, implying that many of these signs and symptoms are not unique to any particular headache type. Because of these issues, according to Hall “incorrect headache diagnosis may occur in more than 50% of cases.” Therefore, it is important that the practitioner carefully keep in mind competing diagnoses and monitor response to treatment [4].
The traditional diagnosis method of cervical spondylosis is based on X-ray reading. Based on an analysis of 1034 clinical cases and 60 cases of a test group using digital radiography [5] increased the diagnostic efficiency of up to 80% of cervical spondylosis compared with conventional radiography, which diagnosed spondylosis in 68.3% of cases [5].
Doppler ultrasound imaging is a noninvasive and useful modality for the examination of vertebral arteries. Color duplex/Doppler ultrasound is considered to provide a valid and reliable noninvasive measurement of vertebral arterial blood flow velocity. There is evidence that Doppler ultrasound measures of vertebral artery blood flow may be sufficiently responsive to detect changes in cervical rotations or after intervention. It has been reported that a decrease in vertebral artery blood flow could be identified by Doppler ultrasound at both upper and lower cervical levels during end-range cervical rotation in asymptomatic participants. This indicated that Doppler ultrasound would be able to detect changes in the vertebral arterial blood flow velocities decreased when the vertebral arteries are under stress from compression or stretching. Doppler ultrasound has also been used to detect improvement in vertebral arterial blood flow velocities in patients with vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency before and after medical intervention [5-8].
Based on the study of nictitating and nociceptive flexor reflexes (NR and NFR) in 63 patients with chronic and 40 patients with epizodic migraine, Zenkevich AS [9] concluded that in a large number of patients, neck pain is an indispensable component of the pathogenesis of chronic migraine [9].

Objective

Dopplerographic evaluation of blood flow parameters in vertebral arteries in patients with cervicogenic headache due to arthrosis and instability of the atlanto-axial junction.


Materials and methods

A retrospective analysis of the results of Doppler ultrasound in the 2nd and 3rd segments of the Vertebral Artery (VA) was performed in 58 patients aged 21-38 years, who had X-ray and MR1 diagnosed arthrosis (26 person) and instability (32 person) of the atlanto-axial junction; among the examined were 21 men and 37 women. The maximum Systolic Velocity (Vs), the end Diastolic Velocity (Vd), the Resistance 1ndex (R1) in second and third segments of VA in the neutral spine and flexion position of the neck were determined. The control group consisted of 27 people aged 19-36 years without chronic headache, absence of arthrosis of the atlanto-axial junction according to the results of X-ray or MRI. Dopplerography was conducted on a Philips HD 11XE device using a linear and microconvection transducers in the frequency range 5-10MHz and 4-9 MHz; MRI - General Electric, Signa HDI, 1.5T.

Results

In all subjects, the Doppler blood flow spectrum was recorded in the second segment (at level of C4-C5), at the third (at level of lateral atlanto-axial junction) and fourth segments of vertebral artery in the neutral spine position and also with the head turning to the side. In the control group in the second segment of the VA, Vs was 50.3±5.1cm/s, RI-0.61±0.03; at the level of 3-rd segment - 48.9±5.1cm/s, RI - 0.58±0.03; at the rotation of the head - Vs 43.6±4.5cm/s, RI-0.62±0.03, respectively (Figure 1-5).
As can be seen from Table 1 in a patients with Atlanto-axial arthrosis in the second segment of the VA, Vs was 48.9±5.3cm/s, RI-0.56±0.03; at the level of 3-rd segment-45.3±4.9cm/s, RI-0.54±0.03; at the rotation of the head-37.2±4.1cm/c, RI-0. 71±0.04 respectively (Figure 6). RI in patients with arthrosis of the atlas-axial junction with rotation of the neck was significantly less than in the second segment in these patients, and VS less than in the control group (P<0,05).

Dopplerometric parameters of vertebral artery blood flow in patients with atlanto-axial instability are presented in (Table 2). In this patients at the level of C5-C6, Vs amounted to 49.2±5.1cm/s, RI-0.59±0.03; at the level of 3-d segment of VA-Vs was 46.1±4.8cm/s, RI-0.58±0.03 (Figure 7). When the head was turned to the side in patients with instability of the atlanto-axial junction, Vs was significantly lower compared to the control group (34.1±4.2cm/s and 43.6±4.5cm/s; RI more then in the second segment of the VA (P<0.05).

Discussion

Bayrak et al. [10] studied correlations between the indices of degeneration, the positions of the cervical vertebrae and the Doppler parameters of the vertebral arteries. However, they evaluated vertebral arteries in patients with a head in a neutral position. Rotational Vertebral Artery Occlusion (RVAO), or bow hunter’s syndrome, most often occurs at the C1-C2 level on physiological head rotation. It presents with symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency [11]. Yamaoka Y [12] studied the role of ultrasound in diagnosing the degree of changes in the Atlanta loop with the maximum rotation of the head.
In our study, we assessed vertebral arteries in patients with arthrosis and instability of the atlas-axial junction and healthy with a turn of the head to the contralateral side. Because the vertebral artery passes through the bony transverse foramina, it is vulnerable to stenosis with head rotation caused by compression by osteophytes. Therefore, our results suggest that with the rotation of the unstable atlanto-axial junction compression increases, causing marked luminal narrowing and reducing blood flow through the vertebral arteries.

Conclusion

Instability of atlanto-axial junction, especially in combination with arthrosis, is one of the common causes of cervicogenic headache in young people. The main pathogenetic mechanism of the onset of pain is changes in blood flow in the third segment of the vertebral arteries, especially during rotational movements.

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